Typhoid Vaccination

What is the typhoid vaccine?

The typhoid vaccine is used to prevent typhoid fever, a life-threatening infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. This bacterium is most commonly spread when people consume contaminated food and water, making it more common in areas where there is poor sanitation and limited access to clean drinking water.

Once infected, the bacterium multiplies and spreads into the bloodstream. In severe cases, infection can lead to death.

Typhoid fever can be treated using antibiotics. However, antibiotic resistance is common, making prevention an important choice for those who are at increased risk of infection.

How the typhoid vaccine works

The typhoid vaccine stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies against Salmonella Typhi.

While the typhoid vaccine protects against serious illness, it does not offer complete protection, so you should still take reasonable precautions by eating well-cooked food and drinking boiled or bottled water.

In addition, immunity wears off over time, so boosters are recommended if the risk of infection is still present.

Types of typhoid vaccines

There are 2 ways the typhoid vaccine can be administered – through intramuscular injection (2 types of vaccines ) or orally (1 type of vaccine).

Differences between the typhoid vaccines

Intramuscular injection

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS). This is given through a single jab in the arm or leg and offers protection for 3 – 5 years. However, it is not recommended for people with weakened immune systems.
Typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV). This is also given through a single jab in the arm or leg, but it offers longer protection, for 5 – 10 years. However, it is costlier than ViPS.

Oral alternative

Live attenuated Ty21a vaccine. This involves taking 4 tablets every other day for a week. However, while it offers long-lasting protection for 5 years without the need for an injection, it may cause diarrhoea and is not recommended for certain individuals.

Why do you need the typhoid vaccine?

The typhoid vaccine helps to prevent infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi, which is potentially fatal.

When do you need the typhoid vaccine?

In Singapore, typhoid vaccination is recommended for travellers planning to visit areas where typhoid is common, as well as those in close contact with a typhoid carrier.

It takes around 2 weeks for immunity to develop, so you should plan to get your vaccine at least 2 weeks prior to travelling.

Who should not receive the typhoid vaccine?

The injectable typhoid vaccine should not be given to:

Children below 2 years of age
Those who have experienced a severe reaction to the typhoid vaccine in the past
Those who have a severe allergy to any component of the vaccine
Those who are feeling unwell at the time

The oral typhoid vaccine should not be given to:

Children below 6 years of age
Those who have experienced a severe reaction to the typhoid vaccine in the past
Those who have a severe allergy to any component of the vaccine
Those who are feeling unwell at the time
Those with weakened or compromised immune systems, including individuals with HIV/AIDS and those receiving any form of treatment that affects the immune system
Those who are currently on or have just completed a course of antibiotics

How do you prepare for the typhoid vaccine?

The most crucial step is to consult your doctor. Be sure to discuss these areas:

Medical history. Certain conditions might impact vaccine eligibility, so transparency is crucial.
Travel details. The duration and location of travel will help determine the optimal protection window.
Potential side effects. Understanding common post-vaccine reactions will provide peace of mind.

What can you expect when getting the typhoid vaccine?

The injected typhoid vaccine is given via intramuscular injection. Only a single dose is required, with a booster every 3 years. The injection is suitable for those aged 2 years and above.

The oral version is given as a capsule, approved for those aged 6 years and older, and provided in 4 doses every other day for a week. It may be repeated every 5 years as a booster.

What are the common side effects of the typhoid vaccine?

Common side effects after receiving the typhoid vaccine include:

Dizziness
Headache
Muscle ache
Pain, redness and swelling at the injection site

What are the serious side effects that require medical attention?

In rare cases, a person may experience a severe allergic reaction, which requires immediate medical attention. Should any of the following symptoms occur, seek medical attention immediately: